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good afternoon

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welcome to nasa headquarters

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my name is duane brown with the office

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of communications

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and today you will hear an amazing story

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about amazing spacecraft

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told by amazing people

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today's story

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the voyager spacecraft

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humanity's

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father's

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journey after 33 years in space they are

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still operating

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and returning data billions

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of miles away from our sun

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they also carry a collection of images

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and sounds from earth as a message to

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possible life elsewhere

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in the galaxy

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we have a lot to cover today

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so sit back

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and be prepared for a wonderful story

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and the first chapter will be given by

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ed stone

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larger project scientist

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and professor of physics

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california institute of technology

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suzanne dodd

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for your project manager

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the jet propulsion laboratory in

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pasadena california

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marav offer

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forager guest investigator and assistant

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professor of astronomy

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boston university

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and drean

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creative director

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ward your interstellar message project

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and the late carl sagan's co-author

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and widow

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so to get us started on that first

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chapter i turn it over to edstone

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well it's been as a scientist it's

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really been an incredible uh experience

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to have been the chief scientist of the

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voyager mission since it began in 1972.

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and it's especially remarkable that

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nearly 40 years later the voyage of

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discovery continues

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today voyager 1 is 11 billion miles from

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the sun and voyager 2 is 9 billion miles

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from the sun but as the first graphic

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shows even so they are still within the

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bubble that the sun creates around

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itself

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the blue area is that bubble it's called

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the heliosphere the wind from the sun

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blows outward a million miles per hour

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and creates this bubble

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and as you can see in the in the

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animation that the two voyager

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spacecraft are in the outermost layer of

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that bubble uh heading toward

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interstellar space which is the bright

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region outside

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the mission started many years ago in

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fact

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the spacecraft were launched

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in 1977 that was a very special year

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when the planets outer planets were

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lined up so a single spacecraft could

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fly by all four jupiter saturn uranus

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and neptune that's called the grand tour

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but we didn't start out with that as the

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ultimate goal we started out with a more

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a near-term goal of just getting to

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saturn a four-year mission to saturn

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both spacecraft as you can see in the

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graphic flew by jupiter got a boost on

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the way to saturn

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voyager 1 went behind the rings and

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therefore went up out of the plane of

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the planets no more planetary encounters

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but when it succeeded in its mission

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that allows us to keep voyager 2 in the

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plane of the planets to continue on to

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uranus which is 19 times as far from the

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sun as earth and then finally on to

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neptune where it over the pole and

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downwards so we have a spacecraft

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heading out the interstellar space

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heading south that's voyager 2 and one

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heading north toward interstellar space

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the next uh in the next uh

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short sequence we'll show you some of

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the things which we saw on this journey

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uh

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there was jupiter the largest of the

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giant planets the mystery of the great

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red spot what we discovered was it's a

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huge hurricane-like storm system three

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earths across but it's just one of many

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such storm systems saturn we flew by

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saturn's rings and discovered it's made

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up of countless particles of icy stuff

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bbs marbles snowballs some things as

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large as houses on to

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uranus which is tipped on its side with

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its north with his pole facing the sun

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so it's like a target in the sky when we

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flew by in 1986.

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one of the major discoveries was the

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magnetic pole of uranus is nearer its

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equator than its rotational axis and of

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course

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earth jupiter and saturn the magnetic

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pole is up where the rotation axis is uh

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on to neptune

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the most remote giant planet uh 30 times

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as far from the sun as the earth so cold

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we expect to be very very quiescent but

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in fact it has the fastest winds in the

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solar system even though it has the

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least energy to drive the winds and it

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had a great dark spot

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so the

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the this journey was really just full of

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surprises as we learned things we didn't

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know there were there to be learned and

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there were two bookends which sort of

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illustrate that the first book end is

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isle a moon of jupiter

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until that time the only active

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volcanoes known in the solar system were

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right here on earth but when we flew by

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isle we discovered that there were eight

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active volcanoes some of them as you can

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see erupting hundreds of miles above the

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surface of this tiny little world and

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the other bookend was the last body we

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made we visited which is triton it's a

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pluto-sized moon of neptune so cold

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390 degrees fahrenheit below zero that

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even the nitrogen forms the icy polar

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cap that you see but those dark streaks

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of that icy polar cap are the deposits

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of geysers erupting at 390 degrees below

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zero on this icy world just an example

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of the how remarkably diverse the bodies

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are in the solar system familiar in form

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but diverse in detail and has really

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changed our whole view of the solar

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system in the textbooks which have

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written been written since that time

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but that was not the end of our journey

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of exploration there was still the

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heliosphere i can't show you a picture

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of the heliosphere but i can show you a

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video of our kitchen sink so if we could

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have the next video because it is you

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can see the heliosphere in it where the

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water hits the bottom of the sink you'll

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notice the water is flowing really

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outward very fast just like the solar

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wind but eventually it slows down but it

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slows down abruptly in the shock and

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piles up and forms a thick ring of water

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and it's in the thick ring that the

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water flows down the drain that's

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exactly what's happening in our

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heliosphere and if we if we could have

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the final graphic on this you'll see

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that the two voyager spacecraft are in

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the thick ring they're in that region

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just on the outs whoops that's not the

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video but just just on the outer edge of

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the bubble there where where they're

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about to break free of the solar system

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this now is a

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computer graphic of the same story where

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you can see the wind from the sun

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radially outward and then turning to

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flow down the tail the tail is the drain

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all of the solar wind has to go down the

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drain which is the tail

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outside in interstellar space there's

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another wind which is coming and flowing

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around this wind is slower

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but it's it's still a very fast wind

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flowing around outside the heliosphere

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itself

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so there's a separation between the

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inside and the outside so what else is

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outside what's outside is really the

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result of a cloud which in the next

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graphic we can see the cloud

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which is the artist sketch of what we

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believe is outside uh by frisch and huff

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based on data they've taken from

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earth-based telescopes

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and there's the sun it's moving around

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the galaxy

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and also there's this cloud which is it

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just enveloped the heliosphere about a

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hundred thousand years ago uh that cloud

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was formed by the explosion of a new

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number of nearby massive stars five to

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ten million years ago they ejected most

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of their uh atmosphere and created these

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uh these clouds and that cloud is is

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essentially moving and enveloping our

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solar system

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so we are trying to get outside of our

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bubble into interstellar space to

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directly measure what is there uh the

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next final slide i want to show is an

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example of what one of these things look

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like this is actually a wise image of an

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astrosphere around that star there's an

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invisible bubble you cannot see but you

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can see where the interstellar wind is

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creating a bow shock in front of this

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thing that cannot be seen

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we don't know how long it much longer it

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will take to get outside our bubble but

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every three years voyager 1 travels 1

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billion miles so we shouldn't have too

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many more years to wait before we

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pass the next major milestone in this

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humanities farthest journey

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so now i'd like to turn this to suzanne

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who will talk more about the spacecraft

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thank you ed um

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and uh i want to tell you that it's a

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pleasure to be here to talk to you about

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voyager today

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voyager was my first job as a young

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engineer a younger engineer

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coming out of college i started as an

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engineer before the uranus encounter and

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i've come a little bit full circle to

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come back as the

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project manager and i'm just excited to

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be here and i also think it's important

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to

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of voyager all the discoveries it's made

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in the past

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but uh voyager is still making

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discoveries and it's important to get

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that message across to the public this

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is not we're not flying voyager to fly

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an antique we're flying voyager to get

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new science information from it

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and i want to talk to you today a little

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bit about this spacecraft and how it's

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an incredible workhorse in how

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we continue to teach it new tricks and

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and have it redo old tricks after a very

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long period of time

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so as ed has mentioned um if i can have

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the first slide oh it's up excuse me as

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that is mentioned um uh the where

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voyager 1 is located currently is an

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area of the um heliosphere where we've

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now detected that there's no radial

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component to the solar wind so it's

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almost in a in a dead zone

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and uh we have asked the spacecraft to

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do uh help us measure that area by doing

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a maneuver that it hadn't done since

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1990 21 years ago

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um

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we are using the low energy charge

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particle and i'm going to show you on

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the spacecraft where that is the low

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energy charged particle instrument is

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located here under the instrument boom

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and it scans in a plane

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in this direction in this plane and so

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what we

281
00:10:52,790 --> 00:10:51,200
did just this past march

282
00:10:55,670 --> 00:10:52,800
is we

283
00:10:58,310 --> 00:10:55,680
we asked the spacecraft to maneuver and

284
00:11:00,710 --> 00:10:58,320
so we rotated it along its long axis we

285
00:11:03,509 --> 00:11:00,720
maneuvered it this direction

286
00:11:05,350 --> 00:11:03,519
about 70 degrees so it now scanned in a

287
00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:05,360
plane this way

288
00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:08,480
and so that way we're getting um

289
00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:09,920
we're sensing in the environment in

290
00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:12,000
three dimensions

291
00:11:15,430 --> 00:11:13,200
and

292
00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:15,440
so what we do with this maneuver is we

293
00:11:20,949 --> 00:11:18,320
we rotate it 70 degrees we hold it for

294
00:11:22,630 --> 00:11:20,959
three to five hours on gyros

295
00:11:24,310 --> 00:11:22,640
and then we continue the rotation all

296
00:11:26,389 --> 00:11:24,320
the way around until it gets back to its

297
00:11:31,269 --> 00:11:26,399
original point um

298
00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:33,590
so if i can have the next slide

299
00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:35,920
the last time we did this was back in

300
00:11:41,590 --> 00:11:39,760
1990 when voyager 1 before well just as

301
00:11:43,030 --> 00:11:41,600
it was leaving the solar system actually

302
00:11:45,829 --> 00:11:43,040
voyager 1 was out of the solar system

303
00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:45,839
but it was it was done in 1990 where we

304
00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:48,720
could take an image of all the planets

305
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,440
of our solar system has has dots and put

306
00:11:56,069 --> 00:11:53,839
them all together in one image and i

307
00:11:58,150 --> 00:11:56,079
think as most people would agree this is

308
00:12:00,389 --> 00:11:58,160
one of the iconic images from the

309
00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:00,399
voyager spacecraft

310
00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:03,200
it really puts the your humanity in

311
00:12:07,590 --> 00:12:05,279
perspective of how small you are

312
00:12:09,750 --> 00:12:07,600
compared to how large our solar system

313
00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:09,760
is

314
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:15,360
that

315
00:12:19,269 --> 00:12:17,279
every three months

316
00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:19,279
for the next three to five years until

317
00:12:23,829 --> 00:12:22,079
we reach hopefully reach the edge of the

318
00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:23,839
heliosphere and cross out into

319
00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:25,680
interstellar space

320
00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:28,399
if i can have the next slide please

321
00:12:33,509 --> 00:12:31,760
this image shows you some of the

322
00:12:35,910 --> 00:12:33,519
spacecraft that are traveled out the

323
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:35,920
most distance from earth

324
00:12:39,910 --> 00:12:37,600
in the upper left-hand corner you can

325
00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:39,920
see voyager 1 it's going up and out of

326
00:12:43,910 --> 00:12:41,839
the ecliptic plane and in the lower

327
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:43,920
left-hand corner you see voyager 2 it's

328
00:12:52,389 --> 00:12:49,990
and

329
00:12:55,430 --> 00:12:52,399
voyager 2 was actually launched ahead of

330
00:12:57,829 --> 00:12:55,440
voyager 1 by 16 days it's the older

331
00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:57,839
sibling by 16 days

332
00:13:01,190 --> 00:13:00,240
but it's on a slightly slower

333
00:13:03,030 --> 00:13:01,200
um

334
00:13:05,829 --> 00:13:03,040
it's flying out a slightly slower speed

335
00:13:09,190 --> 00:13:05,839
because it's on a different trajectory

336
00:13:10,949 --> 00:13:09,200
but voyager 2 has traveled for twelve

337
00:13:13,190 --> 00:13:10,959
thousand two hundred and seventy three

338
00:13:14,949 --> 00:13:13,200
days as of today

339
00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:14,959
and uh

340
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:17,600
a voyager voyager one

341
00:13:21,829 --> 00:13:18,959
is the most

342
00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:21,839
distant spacecraft we have today

343
00:13:26,389 --> 00:13:24,160
it passed pioneer 10 in distance back in

344
00:13:29,030 --> 00:13:26,399
1998

345
00:13:30,990 --> 00:13:29,040
if you had an odometer on voyager 1 it

346
00:13:34,230 --> 00:13:31,000
would be measuring currently

347
00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:34,240
22.8 billion miles

348
00:13:39,829 --> 00:13:37,760
voyager 1 is 17.4 billion miles from the

349
00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:39,839
earth voyager 2 again is a little bit

350
00:13:43,670 --> 00:13:42,720
closer it's 14.2 billion miles from the

351
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:43,680
earth

352
00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:45,120
and

353
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:47,920
voyager 1 is giving you give you some

354
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:49,360
speeds here uh

355
00:13:55,750 --> 00:13:53,440
is 61 000 uh over over 61 000 kilometers

356
00:13:57,910 --> 00:13:55,760
per hour is its speed and for voyager 2

357
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:57,920
it's just slightly over 55 000

358
00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:00,240
kilometers of speed and the voyager

359
00:14:04,389 --> 00:14:01,760
spacecraft continue along with the

360
00:14:05,990 --> 00:14:04,399
pioneer spacecraft to travel out of our

361
00:14:07,670 --> 00:14:06,000
solar system

362
00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:07,680
next slide please

363
00:14:12,069 --> 00:14:10,480
so how do we talk to these spacecraft

364
00:14:13,750 --> 00:14:12,079
i got to give a shout out to the deep

365
00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:13,760
space network

366
00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:16,320
they're the real workhorses for us this

367
00:14:20,790 --> 00:14:18,160
is an image of

368
00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:20,800
the 70 meter antenna in goldstone

369
00:14:24,949 --> 00:14:22,880
california

370
00:14:27,670 --> 00:14:24,959
these antennas were actually upgraded

371
00:14:31,269 --> 00:14:27,680
from 64 meters to 70 meters back in the

372
00:14:33,829 --> 00:14:31,279
late 80s for the neptune encounter

373
00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:33,839
and because our spacecrafts are our

374
00:14:37,269 --> 00:14:35,920
spacecraft are so far away the signal is

375
00:14:39,269 --> 00:14:37,279
very very faint

376
00:14:40,629 --> 00:14:39,279
and so we need the largest antennas in

377
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:40,639
order to

378
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:43,360
track the spacecraft

379
00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:44,959
and i'm going to give you another kind

380
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:47,600
of g whiz number here uh the time it

381
00:14:52,710 --> 00:14:49,680
takes for us to send a command from the

382
00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:52,720
earth for it to reach voyager 1

383
00:14:57,990 --> 00:14:55,600
is slightly over 16 hours

384
00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:58,000
and for voyager 2 it's slightly over 13

385
00:15:01,750 --> 00:14:59,600
hours

386
00:15:03,670 --> 00:15:01,760
so for us to send a command we go into

387
00:15:05,990 --> 00:15:03,680
the office monday morning we send a

388
00:15:08,470 --> 00:15:06,000
command to voyager1

389
00:15:10,629 --> 00:15:08,480
and voyager1 says yep i got it i'm going

390
00:15:13,189 --> 00:15:10,639
to send you a command back we get that

391
00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:13,199
command back on tuesday afternoon

392
00:15:17,590 --> 00:15:15,600
you know 32 hours later and to put that

393
00:15:20,150 --> 00:15:17,600
in perspective a typical mars mission

394
00:15:22,949 --> 00:15:20,160
has about a uh 10 minute

395
00:15:28,069 --> 00:15:22,959
one-way command time so we're a lot

396
00:15:32,389 --> 00:15:30,949
and if we enroll the last graphic i have

397
00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:32,399
what what void you're going to do in the

398
00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:34,000
future well

399
00:15:37,509 --> 00:15:36,160
we have enough power on board to

400
00:15:40,629 --> 00:15:37,519
continue operating the voyager

401
00:15:43,749 --> 00:15:40,639
spacecraft to 2020 and perhaps out even

402
00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:43,759
out to 2025

403
00:15:49,430 --> 00:15:46,800
the only fuel we use is really fuel for

404
00:15:52,069 --> 00:15:49,440
uh rotating the spacecraft

405
00:15:56,389 --> 00:15:52,079
and we use a hydrazine fuel there we use

406
00:15:59,030 --> 00:15:56,399
1.6 grams a day we have enough hydrazine

407
00:16:00,470 --> 00:15:59,040
fuel to last another 60 years so that's

408
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:00,480
not going to be any kind of a limiting

409
00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:03,120
resource for voyager

410
00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:04,320
but we're hoping to operate the

411
00:16:08,629 --> 00:16:06,880
spacecraft out to 2020 and maybe a

412
00:16:10,949 --> 00:16:08,639
little bit longer and we want to get

413
00:16:13,030 --> 00:16:10,959
across the heliopause and we want to get

414
00:16:14,949 --> 00:16:13,040
out into interstellar space and take the

415
00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:14,959
first true

416
00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:17,600
measurements of interstellar space with

417
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:19,600
an operating spacecraft and when we

418
00:16:22,870 --> 00:16:21,040
reach that point

419
00:16:26,230 --> 00:16:22,880
we'll be able to say that the voyagers

420
00:16:27,829 --> 00:16:26,240
are truly traveling between stars

421
00:16:29,189 --> 00:16:27,839
and now i'm going to hand it to morath

422
00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:29,199
and she's going to talk about her

423
00:16:31,509 --> 00:16:30,560
science

424
00:16:33,829 --> 00:16:31,519
thank you

425
00:16:36,470 --> 00:16:33,839
before i describe some of the latest

426
00:16:38,150 --> 00:16:36,480
discoveries that voyager gave us

427
00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:38,160
i thought on telling a little bit of my

428
00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:41,920
personal journey into the voyager team

429
00:16:47,269 --> 00:16:45,440
and and i hope i inspire another new not

430
00:16:49,590 --> 00:16:47,279
so young like me but

431
00:16:51,430 --> 00:16:49,600
younger people entering into the space

432
00:16:52,790 --> 00:16:51,440
science community and getting excited

433
00:16:55,509 --> 00:16:52,800
with voyager

434
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:55,519
data and be engaged

435
00:16:59,910 --> 00:16:57,360
so and the next

436
00:17:02,389 --> 00:16:59,920
image show where i was around the time

437
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:02,399
of voyager was launched i was back in

438
00:17:08,150 --> 00:17:05,360
brazil and this is an image i'm at the

439
00:17:11,189 --> 00:17:08,160
center my twin sister were all wearing

440
00:17:13,909 --> 00:17:11,199
the same shirt on my side and my dad

441
00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:13,919
he's also an astronomer we went to visit

442
00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:17,120
his radio telescope this back in brazil

443
00:17:21,750 --> 00:17:19,439
so i was exposed to some signs

444
00:17:24,309 --> 00:17:21,760
and i remember in high school saying

445
00:17:26,470 --> 00:17:24,319
some of the images of the virgo was

446
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:26,480
standing from the outer planets and

447
00:17:31,029 --> 00:17:29,520
being awe and fast forward a couple of

448
00:17:33,590 --> 00:17:31,039
years later

449
00:17:36,070 --> 00:17:33,600
i accept the position

450
00:17:38,630 --> 00:17:36,080
in the jet propulsion lab to become a

451
00:17:41,430 --> 00:17:38,640
postdoc and i remember coming into the

452
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:41,440
von kamen auditorium and seeing the size

453
00:17:45,909 --> 00:17:43,440
of voyager it's fill out the whole

454
00:17:48,789 --> 00:17:45,919
auditorium it's breathtaking and you can

455
00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:48,799
imagine this huge apparatus is a huge

456
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:52,160
machine flying into space and and i was

457
00:17:56,070 --> 00:17:53,679
thinking oh my god i'm going to go back

458
00:17:57,430 --> 00:17:56,080
to my office and analyze data this

459
00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:57,440
incredible

460
00:18:01,750 --> 00:18:00,400
machine will be sending back so this was

461
00:18:03,430 --> 00:18:01,760
incredible

462
00:18:05,029 --> 00:18:03,440
and the other

463
00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:05,039
personal

464
00:18:08,390 --> 00:18:06,320
note here

465
00:18:10,549 --> 00:18:08,400
is i you know i was coming to space

466
00:18:13,590 --> 00:18:10,559
science from a different community so i

467
00:18:16,310 --> 00:18:13,600
was not really familiar with space

468
00:18:18,950 --> 00:18:16,320
mission with pis and i walk into the

469
00:18:21,590 --> 00:18:18,960
voyager team meeting first time and i

470
00:18:24,390 --> 00:18:21,600
see ed stone sitting at the head of the

471
00:18:26,150 --> 00:18:24,400
table all these scientists sitting there

472
00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:26,160
and i felt like i was coming to the

473
00:18:29,669 --> 00:18:28,559
enterprise ship from star trek i was

474
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:29,679
like

475
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:34,559
the team is being you can tell that

476
00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:36,240
they're being analyzing the data and

477
00:18:40,870 --> 00:18:38,640
discussing the signs for years

478
00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:40,880
they're much older than me and they're

479
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:43,360
all guys i was the only woman coming so

480
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:46,160
it was scary and so it took me a while

481
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:48,960
until i found my own voice and i was

482
00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:51,520
have courage to contribute to the

483
00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:52,880
discussion

484
00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:54,880
but was also amazing to hear them

485
00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:56,880
discussing at that time they were

486
00:19:02,390 --> 00:18:59,360
arguing if we cross the termination

487
00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:02,400
shock and this is the boundary as ed was

488
00:19:07,110 --> 00:19:04,400
describing where the solar wind become

489
00:19:08,310 --> 00:19:07,120
very slow much slower than the sonic

490
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:08,320
speed

491
00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:10,880
and there was looking at data and trying

492
00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:13,440
to say did we cross or not so it was

493
00:19:18,789 --> 00:19:16,400
mind-boggling for me to realize how the

494
00:19:20,630 --> 00:19:18,799
science you have to look very very

495
00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:20,640
carefully at this data it's a very

496
00:19:25,270 --> 00:19:23,120
precious data and before you know this

497
00:19:27,350 --> 00:19:25,280
is a legacy for the community of what we

498
00:19:29,110 --> 00:19:27,360
know about the solar system

499
00:19:32,549 --> 00:19:29,120
so we have to be really really careful

500
00:19:34,630 --> 00:19:32,559
of how to interpret this data so this is

501
00:19:37,350 --> 00:19:34,640
a great experience so let me tell you a

502
00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:37,360
little bit about the science and as ed

503
00:19:42,230 --> 00:19:40,480
mentioned earlier i think voyager wrote

504
00:19:43,750 --> 00:19:42,240
their books about what we know about

505
00:19:44,710 --> 00:19:43,760
outer planets

506
00:19:47,029 --> 00:19:44,720
and

507
00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:47,039
i think we all agree that is rewriting

508
00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:49,679
what we know about how stars interact

509
00:19:54,150 --> 00:19:51,600
with interstellar medium

510
00:19:56,310 --> 00:19:54,160
how it interact with

511
00:19:59,750 --> 00:19:56,320
the medius around them how their

512
00:20:02,310 --> 00:19:59,760
associates look like so it has lots of

513
00:20:03,830 --> 00:20:02,320
new discoveries and one of the first

514
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:03,840
discovery

515
00:20:09,270 --> 00:20:06,960
let me show in the next image this came

516
00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:09,280
from simulations

517
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:12,320
like the one i am used to do so this is

518
00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:15,600
like a side view of our heliosphere and

519
00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:17,200
it shows the magnitude of the

520
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:19,840
interstellar magnetic field this is the

521
00:20:23,669 --> 00:20:21,120
invisible

522
00:20:25,190 --> 00:20:23,679
force that engulfs us the sun has its

523
00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:25,200
own magnetic field

524
00:20:31,110 --> 00:20:28,080
but i'm showing here in red the

525
00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:31,120
intensity of the magnetic field outside

526
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:32,480
our home

527
00:20:37,029 --> 00:20:34,960
and maybe an analogy that give you how

528
00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:37,039
much this is incredible that we can

529
00:20:41,750 --> 00:20:40,000
sense what this magnetic field is doing

530
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:41,760
you know sitting in your kitchen and

531
00:20:44,310 --> 00:20:43,360
you're measuring the weather outside

532
00:20:46,230 --> 00:20:44,320
your home

533
00:20:48,870 --> 00:20:46,240
and this is what we're doing we are with

534
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:48,880
the voyagers in the helioshifts and we

535
00:20:54,070 --> 00:20:51,760
are able to sense enough from the data

536
00:20:55,669 --> 00:20:54,080
coming from voyager to tell that our

537
00:20:57,669 --> 00:20:55,679
home is distorted

538
00:20:59,750 --> 00:20:57,679
that the southern hemisphere is pushed

539
00:21:02,390 --> 00:20:59,760
in and you can see where your tourism in

540
00:21:04,070 --> 00:21:02,400
the south is much closer to the sun than

541
00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:04,080
the northern hemisphere so this was a

542
00:21:07,350 --> 00:21:06,000
major discovery

543
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:07,360
the next

544
00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:08,559
image show

545
00:21:13,909 --> 00:21:11,120
if you would be in extraterrestrial

546
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:13,919
heading towards our heliosphere what you

547
00:21:22,789 --> 00:21:15,039
will see

548
00:21:24,470 --> 00:21:22,799
smooth shape and it's sidewise

549
00:21:27,270 --> 00:21:24,480
so i like to think we're navigating

550
00:21:30,470 --> 00:21:27,280
through interstellar medium sidewise and

551
00:21:32,149 --> 00:21:30,480
this is again the effect of this force

552
00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:32,159
that i'm talking the magnetic field

553
00:21:36,950 --> 00:21:35,039
outside our home distorting us and you

554
00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:36,960
can see virgin one in red in the

555
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:39,200
northern hemisphere and virgil two in

556
00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:40,559
the south

557
00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:43,440
and it's it's nice to see that not just

558
00:21:48,549 --> 00:21:46,400
voyager is saying that other missions

559
00:21:51,029 --> 00:21:48,559
um that are out there

560
00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:51,039
are seeing the same effect so voyager

561
00:21:55,990 --> 00:21:53,520
measure in situ we're smelling we're

562
00:21:58,230 --> 00:21:56,000
touching the ionized matter in the

563
00:22:00,950 --> 00:21:58,240
heliosheath but there is other missions

564
00:22:02,470 --> 00:22:00,960
like ibex and cassini please bring the

565
00:22:04,950 --> 00:22:02,480
next image

566
00:22:07,510 --> 00:22:04,960
that give us a map

567
00:22:09,510 --> 00:22:07,520
of what is out there so this is an image

568
00:22:12,390 --> 00:22:09,520
not like the previous one that is an

569
00:22:15,669 --> 00:22:12,400
image from outside looking back to our

570
00:22:18,789 --> 00:22:15,679
heliosphere this is an image from inside

571
00:22:21,510 --> 00:22:18,799
from earth looking out or from cassini

572
00:22:24,230 --> 00:22:21,520
from saturn looking out and mapping this

573
00:22:26,230 --> 00:22:24,240
energetic neutrals that come to us

574
00:22:28,149 --> 00:22:26,240
and without going all the details in

575
00:22:30,789 --> 00:22:28,159
that you can see that these bright

576
00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:30,799
features in ibex in the in the upper

577
00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:33,280
part and in casino in the lower the red

578
00:22:36,630 --> 00:22:34,400
feature

579
00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:36,640
see that this emissions these neutrals

580
00:22:41,669 --> 00:22:39,280
are not uniformly spread out there is

581
00:22:43,270 --> 00:22:41,679
something organized in the data and

582
00:22:44,789 --> 00:22:43,280
again we think this is interstellar

583
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:44,799
magnetic field

584
00:22:49,510 --> 00:22:47,919
so this is all coming together it's all

585
00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:49,520
missions

586
00:22:55,029 --> 00:22:51,760
and what is exciting what we're heading

587
00:22:57,909 --> 00:22:55,039
for the future is not only well for the

588
00:22:59,110 --> 00:22:57,919
first time in this brand new media the

589
00:23:00,789 --> 00:22:59,120
heliosheath

590
00:23:02,789 --> 00:23:00,799
and we are discovering that is very

591
00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:02,799
different than what we thought

592
00:23:07,430 --> 00:23:04,880
the magnetic fields behave different the

593
00:23:09,190 --> 00:23:07,440
ionized matter behave different so we're

594
00:23:10,230 --> 00:23:09,200
still trying to uncover

595
00:23:12,710 --> 00:23:10,240
this

596
00:23:14,789 --> 00:23:12,720
and we are heading towards as ed was

597
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:14,799
mentioning the heliopause we never

598
00:23:19,190 --> 00:23:17,039
crossed the boundary like that so we

599
00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:19,200
don't really know what to expect

600
00:23:23,990 --> 00:23:21,600
so we're all holding our seats that we

601
00:23:26,310 --> 00:23:24,000
would be able to say yes we crossed and

602
00:23:28,470 --> 00:23:26,320
not still pondering looking at the data

603
00:23:30,549 --> 00:23:28,480
did we cross we didn't cross

604
00:23:31,590 --> 00:23:30,559
so this is very exciting period for

605
00:23:34,630 --> 00:23:31,600
voyager

606
00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:34,640
and you can see in the next image

607
00:23:39,350 --> 00:23:37,280
the wise image of a bow shock it's a

608
00:23:41,510 --> 00:23:39,360
beautiful image from the dust around

609
00:23:43,510 --> 00:23:41,520
that map the bow shock

610
00:23:45,669 --> 00:23:43,520
but this is a remote image

611
00:23:48,470 --> 00:23:45,679
and voyager will bring us for the first

612
00:23:52,470 --> 00:23:48,480
time instead of measurement the smell

613
00:23:54,470 --> 00:23:52,480
the touch of what is an astro shift so

614
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:54,480
pass now to end that will give you what

615
00:23:58,549 --> 00:23:57,039
the message that voyager had to give us

616
00:24:00,870 --> 00:23:58,559
thank you mora

617
00:24:02,390 --> 00:24:00,880
so a voyager mission is that

618
00:24:05,510 --> 00:24:02,400
intersection

619
00:24:07,669 --> 00:24:05,520
of exploration our first epical

620
00:24:09,669 --> 00:24:07,679
reconnaissance of the outer solar system

621
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:09,679
our first close-up look

622
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:12,240
at 60 new worlds

623
00:24:15,510 --> 00:24:13,600
it's also

624
00:24:17,990 --> 00:24:15,520
scientific research

625
00:24:18,950 --> 00:24:18,000
in in that it's telling us the actual

626
00:24:21,029 --> 00:24:18,960
shape

627
00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:21,039
of the solar system as we move through

628
00:24:25,110 --> 00:24:23,679
the galaxy and much more than that

629
00:24:26,470 --> 00:24:25,120
but it's also

630
00:24:29,029 --> 00:24:26,480
a cultural

631
00:24:33,029 --> 00:24:29,039
and emotional and even a spiritual

632
00:24:36,710 --> 00:24:33,039
artifact for the human species we are

633
00:24:39,350 --> 00:24:36,720
looking at the golden voyager record

634
00:24:42,549 --> 00:24:39,360
which contains

635
00:24:45,590 --> 00:24:42,559
some 27 pieces of music it's considered

636
00:24:47,630 --> 00:24:45,600
in fact the origin of that concept of

637
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:47,640
world music

638
00:24:54,149 --> 00:24:50,960
116 pictures of what life on earth is

639
00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:54,159
like from our most beautiful buildings

640
00:24:57,430 --> 00:24:55,200
to

641
00:24:58,870 --> 00:24:57,440
human beings and the other

642
00:25:02,470 --> 00:24:58,880
creatures with which we share this

643
00:25:03,990 --> 00:25:02,480
planet greetings in some 50 languages

644
00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:04,000
including

645
00:25:06,870 --> 00:25:05,760
the beautiful songs of the humpback

646
00:25:09,110 --> 00:25:06,880
whales

647
00:25:11,029 --> 00:25:09,120
and five languages that are no longer

648
00:25:12,950 --> 00:25:11,039
spoken ancient languages with no

649
00:25:15,510 --> 00:25:12,960
speakers as well as the most populous

650
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:15,520
languages spoken on earth today

651
00:25:20,390 --> 00:25:17,600
and there's a sound essay on it

652
00:25:22,310 --> 00:25:20,400
which includes a mother's first words to

653
00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:22,320
her newborn baby

654
00:25:26,230 --> 00:25:24,400
and a baby's first cry

655
00:25:29,669 --> 00:25:26,240
the brain waves

656
00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:29,679
of a woman newly fallen in love

657
00:25:37,190 --> 00:25:33,279
the sound of the geological history

658
00:25:39,669 --> 00:25:37,200
of the earth its biological evolution

659
00:25:42,710 --> 00:25:39,679
and our technology

660
00:25:44,870 --> 00:25:42,720
and our what was then our recording of

661
00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:44,880
the most distant object which was a

662
00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:46,240
pulsar

663
00:25:49,909 --> 00:25:47,760
and all of this

664
00:25:54,470 --> 00:25:49,919
is may have the next slide please

665
00:25:55,190 --> 00:25:54,480
is uh is encased in a golden cover

666
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:55,200
in

667
00:26:00,149 --> 00:25:57,919
engraved with scientific hieroglyphics

668
00:26:02,310 --> 00:26:00,159
instructions for play to the putative

669
00:26:04,950 --> 00:26:02,320
extraterrestrials we imagine might

670
00:26:08,710 --> 00:26:04,960
intercept it one day and if you can see

671
00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:08,720
that that circle is the record itself

672
00:26:12,789 --> 00:26:11,120
with the stylus that we included for

673
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:12,799
play you know

674
00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:15,440
this is the 1970s when people were

675
00:26:19,909 --> 00:26:17,440
listening to records and i'm

676
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:19,919
i'm really excited about the fact that

677
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:21,760
musicians and lovers of music are

678
00:26:28,710 --> 00:26:25,760
returning to records as being richer in

679
00:26:29,909 --> 00:26:28,720
sound and information than digital

680
00:26:32,149 --> 00:26:29,919
recording

681
00:26:33,830 --> 00:26:32,159
and there's also a

682
00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:33,840
an atomic clock

683
00:26:38,310 --> 00:26:36,400
which will date when

684
00:26:40,950 --> 00:26:38,320
the record was launched and when the

685
00:26:45,430 --> 00:26:40,960
message was sent and then our address in

686
00:26:47,430 --> 00:26:45,440
the galaxy the 16 closest pulsars

687
00:26:48,710 --> 00:26:47,440
just to give a little sense of where

688
00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:48,720
this came from

689
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:50,400
now i'd like you to listen

690
00:26:53,590 --> 00:26:51,279
to

691
00:26:56,149 --> 00:26:53,600
some of the sounds and some of the music

692
00:26:58,630 --> 00:26:56,159
included on voyager these are only tiny

693
00:27:01,430 --> 00:26:58,640
snippets of a much longer

694
00:27:03,510 --> 00:27:01,440
uh voyager message as well as to see

695
00:27:06,390 --> 00:27:03,520
just a handful of the images

696
00:27:08,070 --> 00:27:06,400
that are included on voyager and i ask

697
00:27:10,149 --> 00:27:08,080
you to imagine yourself an

698
00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:10,159
extraterrestrial

699
00:27:14,789 --> 00:27:12,480
who knows nothing of our planet and

700
00:27:15,830 --> 00:27:14,799
who's getting a first glimpse

701
00:27:16,710 --> 00:27:15,840
of

702
00:27:21,510 --> 00:27:16,720
what

703
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:21,520
like thank you let's please play it

704
00:27:27,850 --> 00:27:35,510
[Music]

705
00:27:49,090 --> 00:27:37,230
aah

706
00:27:57,940 --> 00:27:57,470
[Music]

707
00:28:02,070 --> 00:27:57,950
[Applause]

708
00:28:30,470 --> 00:28:02,080
[Music]

709
00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:40,820
easy

710
00:29:03,510 --> 00:28:50,390
[Music]

711
00:29:07,430 --> 00:29:05,510
that gives you just some idea

712
00:29:09,669 --> 00:29:07,440
of the voyager record

713
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:09,679
you know it was

714
00:29:13,750 --> 00:29:12,320
originally the idea of carl sagan and

715
00:29:15,669 --> 00:29:13,760
frank drake

716
00:29:17,990 --> 00:29:15,679
to send this message

717
00:29:20,630 --> 00:29:18,000
because of this gravitational assist

718
00:29:22,630 --> 00:29:20,640
from the massive planet jupiter the two

719
00:29:24,070 --> 00:29:22,640
voyager spacecraft were flung out of the

720
00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:24,080
solar system

721
00:29:28,470 --> 00:29:27,200
and are expected to

722
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:28,480
wander at

723
00:29:32,389 --> 00:29:30,880
speeds of something like 40 000 miles an

724
00:29:33,990 --> 00:29:32,399
hour through

725
00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:34,000
interstellar space

726
00:29:37,750 --> 00:29:36,640
for a thousand million years

727
00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:37,760
and

728
00:29:42,149 --> 00:29:40,640
the geniuses who designed the mission

729
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:42,159
trajectories

730
00:29:46,630 --> 00:29:44,240
so that these two spacecraft could

731
00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:46,640
rendezvous with these planets and moons

732
00:29:51,669 --> 00:29:49,360
and flawlessly you have to send back to

733
00:29:55,350 --> 00:29:51,679
us these images

734
00:29:57,669 --> 00:29:55,360
of the outer solar system and

735
00:29:58,789 --> 00:29:57,679
the idea that this spacecraft is still

736
00:30:00,870 --> 00:29:58,799
functioning

737
00:30:03,190 --> 00:30:00,880
that a young person in the audience

738
00:30:04,549 --> 00:30:03,200
today a child in this audience

739
00:30:05,750 --> 00:30:04,559
it's possible they could come to

740
00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:05,760
maturity

741
00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:08,080
and become a scientist or

742
00:30:11,510 --> 00:30:10,240
a technician or a mathematician or an

743
00:30:13,669 --> 00:30:11,520
engineer

744
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:13,679
and the voyagers will still

745
00:30:18,870 --> 00:30:16,240
still be thriving this is the result of

746
00:30:21,269 --> 00:30:18,880
the genius of nasa and i'd like to show

747
00:30:24,149 --> 00:30:21,279
a few pictures of the men and women who

748
00:30:27,190 --> 00:30:24,159
were involved in the voyager mission

749
00:30:30,630 --> 00:30:27,200
in those days it was largely men and i'm

750
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:30,640
happy to point to the shift in the ratio

751
00:30:34,389 --> 00:30:32,880
here on the panel today

752
00:30:36,470 --> 00:30:34,399
but these guys

753
00:30:38,950 --> 00:30:36,480
you know they did something that is

754
00:30:41,350 --> 00:30:38,960
absolutely the equal of magellan or

755
00:30:44,870 --> 00:30:41,360
columbus or any of the great

756
00:30:48,149 --> 00:30:44,880
explorers of terrestrial discovery

757
00:30:51,750 --> 00:30:48,159
and yet um how many of us know the name

758
00:30:53,909 --> 00:30:51,760
charlie cole hayes or gary flandro or

759
00:30:55,830 --> 00:30:53,919
michael minovich these guys should be on

760
00:30:58,870 --> 00:30:55,840
the stand because

761
00:31:00,950 --> 00:30:58,880
you know if we don't if we don't value

762
00:31:03,909 --> 00:31:00,960
the genius behind

763
00:31:06,149 --> 00:31:03,919
taking a building a machine with 1970s

764
00:31:07,509 --> 00:31:06,159
technology you know virtually out of

765
00:31:08,470 --> 00:31:07,519
transistors

766
00:31:10,710 --> 00:31:08,480
to

767
00:31:11,830 --> 00:31:10,720
that one that functions so brilliantly

768
00:31:12,630 --> 00:31:11,840
today

769
00:31:15,269 --> 00:31:12,640
and

770
00:31:16,070 --> 00:31:15,279
uh to be able to do this exploring for

771
00:31:18,549 --> 00:31:16,080
us

772
00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:18,559
if we don't value their contribution

773
00:31:23,350 --> 00:31:20,880
then is it any wonder that so few of our

774
00:31:25,669 --> 00:31:23,360
children are really interested in doing

775
00:31:27,430 --> 00:31:25,679
what they did

776
00:31:30,070 --> 00:31:27,440
so i just wanted to

777
00:31:33,669 --> 00:31:30,080
say what an amazing contribution

778
00:31:34,549 --> 00:31:33,679
to our civilization and the fact

779
00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:34,559
that

780
00:31:39,029 --> 00:31:37,120
perhaps a hundred million years ago or

781
00:31:40,870 --> 00:31:39,039
500 million years ago

782
00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:40,880
voyager's greatest

783
00:31:46,870 --> 00:31:43,600
triumph is yet to come

784
00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:46,880
it will sing for us and speak for us

785
00:31:52,310 --> 00:31:49,919
long after the very continents of our

786
00:31:54,470 --> 00:31:52,320
planet have changed

787
00:31:57,350 --> 00:31:54,480
that's an ethical achievement

788
00:31:59,590 --> 00:31:57,360
and i think when people ask you know

789
00:32:01,269 --> 00:31:59,600
why spend money on space exploration

790
00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:01,279
when we have so many problems here well

791
00:32:05,110 --> 00:32:03,840
that's a perfectly good question

792
00:32:07,430 --> 00:32:05,120
but

793
00:32:11,269 --> 00:32:07,440
i think we have to do both things and i

794
00:32:14,070 --> 00:32:11,279
think that the voyager has deceived it

795
00:32:18,149 --> 00:32:14,080
exceeded its design specifications

796
00:32:18,950 --> 00:32:18,159
and the loftiest dreams of its makers

797
00:32:20,070 --> 00:32:18,960
and

798
00:32:21,590 --> 00:32:20,080
i'd like to

799
00:32:24,630 --> 00:32:21,600
go back to the

800
00:32:26,710 --> 00:32:24,640
the family portrait of our solar system

801
00:32:28,950 --> 00:32:26,720
and to talk about the maturity of our

802
00:32:29,909 --> 00:32:28,960
species that we are now in a position to

803
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:29,919
look

804
00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:33,840
at the other worlds of our solar system

805
00:32:40,070 --> 00:32:37,760
only 400 years after galileo's first

806
00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:40,080
look through a telescope this is the

807
00:32:47,430 --> 00:32:43,039
awesome power of the scientific method

808
00:32:50,310 --> 00:32:47,440
and looking at that family portrait

809
00:32:52,070 --> 00:32:50,320
i'm reminded of the fact that carl sagan

810
00:32:54,389 --> 00:32:52,080
who was a member of the voyager imaging

811
00:32:55,750 --> 00:32:54,399
team and very much involved in the

812
00:32:58,149 --> 00:32:55,760
project

813
00:32:59,669 --> 00:32:58,159
he asked that voyager's

814
00:33:00,470 --> 00:32:59,679
cameras

815
00:33:03,110 --> 00:33:00,480
be

816
00:33:05,190 --> 00:33:03,120
turned to look homeward one last time

817
00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:05,200
before they were taken

818
00:33:09,350 --> 00:33:06,960
before they were turned off

819
00:33:12,950 --> 00:33:09,360
to take one last picture and he was

820
00:33:16,470 --> 00:33:12,960
largely responsible for urging nasa to

821
00:33:18,710 --> 00:33:16,480
take this image of our world

822
00:33:20,230 --> 00:33:18,720
not the apollo

823
00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:20,240
frame-filling

824
00:33:25,830 --> 00:33:23,440
world which in itself was a major

825
00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:25,840
paradigm shift for our culture and

826
00:33:30,070 --> 00:33:27,919
civilization globally

827
00:33:32,389 --> 00:33:30,080
but now to see us

828
00:33:34,389 --> 00:33:32,399
in something that reflects more clearly

829
00:33:36,230 --> 00:33:34,399
our true circumstances

830
00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:36,240
in the cosmos

831
00:33:42,710 --> 00:33:39,360
that pale blue dot in that circle

832
00:33:43,909 --> 00:33:42,720
and i'd like to close this phase of our

833
00:33:46,389 --> 00:33:43,919
talk

834
00:33:48,230 --> 00:33:46,399
with the words of carl sagan

835
00:33:51,509 --> 00:33:48,240
in his meditation

836
00:33:56,870 --> 00:33:51,519
on that image and what it could mean for

837
00:34:00,950 --> 00:33:59,430
consider again that dot

838
00:34:02,470 --> 00:34:00,960
that's here

839
00:34:04,310 --> 00:34:02,480
that's home

840
00:34:05,509 --> 00:34:04,320
that's us

841
00:34:07,269 --> 00:34:05,519
on it

842
00:34:09,190 --> 00:34:07,279
everyone you love

843
00:34:11,909 --> 00:34:09,200
everyone you know

844
00:34:13,829 --> 00:34:11,919
everyone you ever heard of every human

845
00:34:17,109 --> 00:34:13,839
being who ever was

846
00:34:21,030 --> 00:34:18,230
the earth

847
00:34:24,869 --> 00:34:21,040
is a very small stage

848
00:34:27,909 --> 00:34:24,879
in a vast cosmic arena

849
00:34:30,389 --> 00:34:27,919
think of the rivers of blood spilled by

850
00:34:32,710 --> 00:34:30,399
all those generals and emperors so that

851
00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:32,720
in glory and triumph they could become

852
00:34:36,790 --> 00:34:35,200
the momentary masters

853
00:34:39,030 --> 00:34:36,800
of a fraction

854
00:34:41,990 --> 00:34:39,040
of a dot

855
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:42,000
think of the endless cruelties visited

856
00:34:45,349 --> 00:34:44,159
by the inhabitants of one corner of this

857
00:34:47,270 --> 00:34:45,359
pixel

858
00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:47,280
on the scarcely distinguishable

859
00:34:50,470 --> 00:34:48,720
inhabitants

860
00:34:53,430 --> 00:34:50,480
of some other corner

861
00:34:56,310 --> 00:34:53,440
how frequent their misunderstandings

862
00:35:00,310 --> 00:34:56,320
how eager they are to kill one another

863
00:35:04,870 --> 00:35:02,390
there is perhaps no better demonstration

864
00:35:07,190 --> 00:35:04,880
of the folly of human conceits

865
00:35:09,510 --> 00:35:07,200
than this distant image

866
00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:09,520
of our tiny world

867
00:35:12,870 --> 00:35:10,480
to me

868
00:35:15,829 --> 00:35:12,880
it underscores our responsibility to

869
00:35:17,190 --> 00:35:15,839
deal more kindly with one another and to

870
00:35:18,390 --> 00:35:17,200
preserve

871
00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:18,400
and cherish

872
00:35:21,750 --> 00:35:20,240
the pale blue dot

873
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:21,760
the only home

874
00:35:35,510 --> 00:35:33,670
something to think about ladies and

875
00:35:38,390 --> 00:35:35,520
gentlemen

876
00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:38,400
we're as profound then as they are still

877
00:35:42,790 --> 00:35:40,320
now

878
00:35:44,870 --> 00:35:42,800
before we open it up for questions i

879
00:35:46,710 --> 00:35:44,880
would like to

880
00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:46,720
inform folks that deep space missions

881
00:35:50,230 --> 00:35:48,000
like this

882
00:35:52,710 --> 00:35:50,240
are enabled by a very unique power

883
00:35:56,069 --> 00:35:52,720
source called a radio isotope

884
00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:56,079
thermoelectric generator

885
00:36:00,710 --> 00:35:59,280
it in essence essentially a nuclear

886
00:36:03,030 --> 00:36:00,720
battery

887
00:36:04,950 --> 00:36:03,040
that enables incredible missions like

888
00:36:07,589 --> 00:36:04,960
this and for more information on this

889
00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:07,599
incredible power source very safe

890
00:36:12,390 --> 00:36:10,720
and clearly very reliable

891
00:36:15,390 --> 00:36:12,400
as a result of the amazing story here

892
00:36:16,950 --> 00:36:15,400
and other missions for 50 years go to

893
00:36:18,390 --> 00:36:16,960
www.nasa.gov

894
00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:18,400
and learn more about this incredible

895
00:36:27,190 --> 00:36:20,400
power source

896
00:36:28,710 --> 00:36:27,200
going to mars in another version

897
00:36:31,270 --> 00:36:28,720
advanced version

898
00:36:34,470 --> 00:36:31,280
mars science laboratory or curiosity

899
00:36:37,589 --> 00:36:36,069
now

900
00:36:38,790 --> 00:36:37,599
we are going to do something different

901
00:36:41,589 --> 00:36:38,800
here

902
00:36:42,790 --> 00:36:41,599
we have a national audience viewing this

903
00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:42,800
program

904
00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:44,800
and in that national audience on

905
00:36:50,230 --> 00:36:48,400
numerous students in schools

906
00:36:52,150 --> 00:36:50,240
and this is what we are about ladies and

907
00:36:53,910 --> 00:36:52,160
gentlemen this is what these amazing

908
00:36:55,750 --> 00:36:53,920
people are about so we're going to take

909
00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:55,760
questions from these schools which we

910
00:36:58,630 --> 00:36:56,640
have

911
00:37:01,430 --> 00:36:58,640
we received

912
00:37:03,829 --> 00:37:01,440
many many and for the schools listening

913
00:37:05,109 --> 00:37:03,839
you can still send in your questions the

914
00:37:07,430 --> 00:37:05,119
the wonderful folks at the jet

915
00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:07,440
propulsion lab in the education outreach

916
00:37:11,950 --> 00:37:08,960
department will answer your questions to

917
00:37:14,470 --> 00:37:11,960
post answers on the web at

918
00:37:16,310 --> 00:37:14,480
www.nasa.gov slash voyager but we're

919
00:37:18,710 --> 00:37:16,320
going to take a trip around

920
00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:18,720
the nation here with the schools who are

921
00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:20,320
here because this is what it's about

922
00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:23,040
inspiration

923
00:37:27,990 --> 00:37:25,040
we're going to go to

924
00:37:28,870 --> 00:37:28,000
columbia south carolina

925
00:37:31,670 --> 00:37:28,880
and

926
00:37:34,790 --> 00:37:31,680
this is a question for you suzanne from

927
00:37:36,390 --> 00:37:34,800
miss carboni seventh and eighth grade

928
00:37:40,069 --> 00:37:36,400
math classes

929
00:37:42,790 --> 00:37:41,430
what have we learned from gorgeous

930
00:37:44,630 --> 00:37:42,800
technology

931
00:37:49,190 --> 00:37:44,640
that is being applied to current and

932
00:37:54,470 --> 00:37:51,670
oh okay thank you duane um

933
00:37:57,109 --> 00:37:54,480
so there i think are many technology

934
00:37:59,190 --> 00:37:57,119
firsts that the voyager pioneered that

935
00:38:02,390 --> 00:37:59,200
were used by follow-on missions since

936
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:02,400
has such as a galileo mission to jupiter

937
00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:05,040
and the cassini mission to saturn

938
00:38:09,109 --> 00:38:06,800
i'm going to highlight just a couple of

939
00:38:10,710 --> 00:38:09,119
them for you here

940
00:38:11,829 --> 00:38:10,720
when the pioneer spacecraft went by

941
00:38:14,069 --> 00:38:11,839
jupiter

942
00:38:16,069 --> 00:38:14,079
ahead of voyager

943
00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:16,079
they discovered a very strong radiation

944
00:38:19,750 --> 00:38:18,400
field and that got the engineers at jpl

945
00:38:21,750 --> 00:38:19,760
thinking we've got to do something

946
00:38:24,390 --> 00:38:21,760
different for voyager or we won't

947
00:38:27,829 --> 00:38:24,400
survive the flyby of jupiter

948
00:38:29,109 --> 00:38:27,839
so the engineers at jpl came up with a

949
00:38:32,310 --> 00:38:29,119
the

950
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:32,320
technique of using radiation harden

951
00:38:36,310 --> 00:38:34,640
electronic parts and what you're doing

952
00:38:38,390 --> 00:38:36,320
here is that you're

953
00:38:40,630 --> 00:38:38,400
shielding and screening the electronics

954
00:38:42,230 --> 00:38:40,640
so those high energy charge particles

955
00:38:43,829 --> 00:38:42,240
can't damage them

956
00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:43,839
so that was one technique that's been

957
00:38:46,710 --> 00:38:45,040
used on

958
00:38:48,310 --> 00:38:46,720
practically every spacecraft sit there

959
00:38:49,589 --> 00:38:48,320
since then certainly every spacecraft

960
00:38:52,150 --> 00:38:49,599
was going to

961
00:38:55,109 --> 00:38:52,160
a jupiter or a mission with some place

962
00:38:57,910 --> 00:38:55,119
where there's a high radiation field

963
00:39:00,630 --> 00:38:57,920
and i think another great

964
00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:00,640
first for voyager was the use of

965
00:39:05,510 --> 00:39:03,920
a programmable command processor

966
00:39:07,990 --> 00:39:05,520
the voyager mission today wouldn't be

967
00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:08,000
what it was without the ability to

968
00:39:12,230 --> 00:39:10,800
change the commanding of voyager has it

969
00:39:13,750 --> 00:39:12,240
got further out

970
00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:13,760
the longer distance planets and then

971
00:39:16,790 --> 00:39:14,720
into

972
00:39:18,950 --> 00:39:16,800
the voyager interstellar mission and you

973
00:39:20,230 --> 00:39:18,960
will not see a spacecraft today that

974
00:39:23,349 --> 00:39:20,240
doesn't fly

975
00:39:25,990 --> 00:39:23,359
uh without a commandable uh processor

976
00:39:28,790 --> 00:39:26,000
and that was developed first for voyager

977
00:39:31,109 --> 00:39:28,800
and a little antidote that's similarly

978
00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:31,119
related to that voyager is flying with

979
00:39:36,310 --> 00:39:34,560
only 68 kilobytes of memory between

980
00:39:41,670 --> 00:39:36,320
three

981
00:39:43,589 --> 00:39:41,680
walk home and take the subway home or

982
00:39:46,390 --> 00:39:43,599
your school kids are uh you put on your

983
00:39:48,790 --> 00:39:46,400
earphones and you turn up your ipad or

984
00:39:51,349 --> 00:39:48,800
excuse me your ipod nano i want you to

985
00:39:53,589 --> 00:39:51,359
think about that has eight gigabytes or

986
00:39:55,510 --> 00:39:53,599
yeah eight gigabytes of memory so it's

987
00:39:58,069 --> 00:39:55,520
got a hundred thousand times more memory

988
00:39:59,750 --> 00:39:58,079
in your ipod than it does in the voyager

989
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,760
spacecraft so i like to use that

990
00:40:03,589 --> 00:40:01,680
antidote a lot to

991
00:40:05,349 --> 00:40:03,599
to relate to how technology changes

992
00:40:06,630 --> 00:40:05,359
rapidly

993
00:40:08,630 --> 00:40:06,640
thanks to that

994
00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:08,640
moravia up next from

995
00:40:13,750 --> 00:40:11,520
mrs laura jek

996
00:40:16,230 --> 00:40:13,760
seventh graders homeschool program in

997
00:40:18,630 --> 00:40:16,240
the morgan hill unified district in san

998
00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:18,640
jose california

999
00:40:22,710 --> 00:40:20,720
please discuss one two three of the most

1000
00:40:24,390 --> 00:40:22,720
important changes

1001
00:40:27,589 --> 00:40:24,400
about our understanding of the

1002
00:40:30,069 --> 00:40:27,599
heliosphere and interactions with fluff

1003
00:40:32,950 --> 00:40:30,079
that must be changed or updated

1004
00:40:36,390 --> 00:40:32,960
as a result of gorgeous discoveries

1005
00:40:38,309 --> 00:40:36,400
thank you duane um well some i already

1006
00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:38,319
kind of discussed when i was talking

1007
00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:40,640
about the science discoveries

1008
00:40:45,589 --> 00:40:43,040
one major one was the fact that our

1009
00:40:47,270 --> 00:40:45,599
heliosphere is asymmetric that is pushed

1010
00:40:49,829 --> 00:40:47,280
in in the south

1011
00:40:52,630 --> 00:40:49,839
rather than in the in bulging out in the

1012
00:40:55,510 --> 00:40:52,640
north this is one major discovery the

1013
00:40:58,309 --> 00:40:55,520
other one is that the magnetic field

1014
00:41:00,390 --> 00:40:58,319
this invisible force that lies in the

1015
00:41:01,109 --> 00:41:00,400
interstellar medium the medium ahead of

1016
00:41:02,870 --> 00:41:01,119
us

1017
00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:02,880
has an orientation

1018
00:41:06,630 --> 00:41:04,560
that this is what our measurements are

1019
00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:06,640
telling us that is not in the same

1020
00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:09,200
direction as the milky way the disk of

1021
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:10,560
our galaxy

1022
00:41:15,430 --> 00:41:12,480
that this is the field in really large

1023
00:41:17,750 --> 00:41:15,440
scales so something happened between

1024
00:41:20,230 --> 00:41:17,760
really big scales where the stars are

1025
00:41:22,309 --> 00:41:20,240
until getting closer home the weather

1026
00:41:25,190 --> 00:41:22,319
change we don't know why

1027
00:41:28,230 --> 00:41:25,200
if what make we have some ideas

1028
00:41:31,589 --> 00:41:28,240
but there is a different orientation and

1029
00:41:34,069 --> 00:41:31,599
it has a strength that is pretty strong

1030
00:41:37,430 --> 00:41:34,079
so it's my it has some implications that

1031
00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:37,440
it might be a dominant energy outside

1032
00:41:41,270 --> 00:41:39,760
our home we don't know

1033
00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:41,280
there's another

1034
00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:42,640
discovery

1035
00:41:48,069 --> 00:41:45,200
harder to explain but one of the

1036
00:41:50,550 --> 00:41:48,079
interesting things that when voyager

1037
00:41:53,910 --> 00:41:50,560
2 crossed the termination shock the

1038
00:41:55,430 --> 00:41:53,920
region where the solar wind is very slow

1039
00:41:58,150 --> 00:41:55,440
the temperature

1040
00:42:00,150 --> 00:41:58,160
of the helioships was much lower was an

1041
00:42:01,510 --> 00:42:00,160
order of magnitude lower than what we

1042
00:42:04,390 --> 00:42:01,520
expected

1043
00:42:05,349 --> 00:42:04,400
and voyager measure the thermal ionized

1044
00:42:07,910 --> 00:42:05,359
matter

1045
00:42:09,990 --> 00:42:07,920
so this energy went somewhere else and

1046
00:42:12,710 --> 00:42:10,000
we think it went to what we call

1047
00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:12,720
suprathermal particles very energetic

1048
00:42:19,349 --> 00:42:16,560
particles so it's just make us think how

1049
00:42:21,270 --> 00:42:19,359
fluids how ionized goes through shocks

1050
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:21,280
we have to think about it where the

1051
00:42:24,390 --> 00:42:22,560
energy goes

1052
00:42:25,990 --> 00:42:24,400
so this was

1053
00:42:28,069 --> 00:42:26,000
thank you

1054
00:42:30,790 --> 00:42:28,079
okay now we're going to kettering ohio

1055
00:42:34,230 --> 00:42:30,800
van buren middle school and this is for

1056
00:42:36,390 --> 00:42:34,240
you uh susan again suzanne uh mr doe and

1057
00:42:39,670 --> 00:42:36,400
mr lowell's eighth grade

1058
00:42:41,190 --> 00:42:39,680
cyber science and science classes

1059
00:42:43,109 --> 00:42:41,200
we read an article on the voyager

1060
00:42:44,950 --> 00:42:43,119
website that says voyager 1's plasma

1061
00:42:45,750 --> 00:42:44,960
instrument was broken

1062
00:42:49,109 --> 00:42:45,760
but

1063
00:42:50,630 --> 00:42:49,119
the one on voyager 2 was working fine

1064
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:50,640
how did nasa know that the plasma

1065
00:42:54,470 --> 00:42:52,319
instrument of origin 2

1066
00:42:56,550 --> 00:42:54,480
was working properly suzanne thanks

1067
00:42:58,870 --> 00:42:56,560
wayne well the plasma instrument

1068
00:43:00,069 --> 00:42:58,880
measures the lowest energy charged

1069
00:43:02,710 --> 00:43:00,079
particles

1070
00:43:04,069 --> 00:43:02,720
in the solar wind and it measures both

1071
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:04,079
the speed and the direction of those

1072
00:43:08,470 --> 00:43:07,040
particles now when voyager 1 went past

1073
00:43:10,470 --> 00:43:08,480
saturn

1074
00:43:12,630 --> 00:43:10,480
there was a failure with the high

1075
00:43:13,670 --> 00:43:12,640
voltage modulator on the plasma

1076
00:43:22,069 --> 00:43:13,680
instrument

1077
00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:22,079
incapable of getting any significant

1078
00:43:27,190 --> 00:43:23,920
data back

1079
00:43:29,270 --> 00:43:27,200
now voyager 2 uh the plasma instrument

1080
00:43:31,270 --> 00:43:29,280
is still operating we're still taking

1081
00:43:33,990 --> 00:43:31,280
data with it

1082
00:43:36,950 --> 00:43:34,000
when we get that data back we analyze it

1083
00:43:40,710 --> 00:43:36,960
and we compare it to

1084
00:43:43,270 --> 00:43:40,720
from other spacecraft

1085
00:43:45,430 --> 00:43:43,280
and because those tend to match up we

1086
00:43:46,230 --> 00:43:45,440
believe that the data we're getting back

1087
00:43:48,309 --> 00:43:46,240
from

1088
00:43:50,309 --> 00:43:48,319
the plasma instrument is

1089
00:43:53,829 --> 00:43:50,319
accurate and that the instrument is

1090
00:43:55,670 --> 00:43:53,839
functioning properly on voyager

1091
00:43:57,750 --> 00:43:55,680
thank you

1092
00:43:59,829 --> 00:43:57,760
and a question for you

1093
00:44:01,430 --> 00:43:59,839
this comes from union

1094
00:44:02,309 --> 00:44:01,440
new jersey

1095
00:44:03,430 --> 00:44:02,319
mr

1096
00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:03,440
petrus

1097
00:44:06,550 --> 00:44:05,599
sixth eighth grade gifted and talented

1098
00:44:10,069 --> 00:44:06,560
students

1099
00:44:12,470 --> 00:44:10,079
from the union middle school

1100
00:44:13,910 --> 00:44:12,480
what made astronomers astronomers decide

1101
00:44:15,270 --> 00:44:13,920
to record the things they did on the

1102
00:44:17,109 --> 00:44:15,280
golden disc

1103
00:44:21,109 --> 00:44:17,119
what makes astronomers think that their

1104
00:44:22,870 --> 00:44:21,119
directions were straightforward enough

1105
00:44:23,829 --> 00:44:22,880
for these creatures to listen to the

1106
00:44:26,790 --> 00:44:23,839
disc

1107
00:44:29,829 --> 00:44:26,800
or understand the image

1108
00:44:31,270 --> 00:44:29,839
these are really two great questions

1109
00:44:34,470 --> 00:44:31,280
let me take the one about the

1110
00:44:37,990 --> 00:44:34,480
instructions for play and our cosmic

1111
00:44:42,710 --> 00:44:40,390
even though voyager has a very long

1112
00:44:45,190 --> 00:44:42,720
future as described earlier perhaps a

1113
00:44:47,750 --> 00:44:45,200
thousand million years

1114
00:44:48,630 --> 00:44:47,760
wherever it goes in that area the laws

1115
00:44:50,950 --> 00:44:48,640
of

1116
00:44:52,790 --> 00:44:50,960
physics will be the same

1117
00:44:55,790 --> 00:44:52,800
and that's the only common language that

1118
00:44:57,750 --> 00:44:55,800
we can hope to have with these imagined

1119
00:45:01,109 --> 00:44:57,760
extraterrestrials remember we have yet

1120
00:45:04,309 --> 00:45:01,119
to receive any evidence that they exist

1121
00:45:06,309 --> 00:45:04,319
but we look at the enormity the vastness

1122
00:45:09,030 --> 00:45:06,319
of the universe and the number of worlds

1123
00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:09,040
and the processes that led to the

1124
00:45:13,829 --> 00:45:12,079
the origin of life on earth and we

1125
00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:13,839
we suspect they may be out there but

1126
00:45:18,870 --> 00:45:15,839
that's different from knowing

1127
00:45:21,190 --> 00:45:18,880
but if they are out there the only way

1128
00:45:24,390 --> 00:45:21,200
that the voyager record is going to be

1129
00:45:26,950 --> 00:45:24,400
intercepted because space is so mostly

1130
00:45:29,349 --> 00:45:26,960
empty the emptiness of space cannot be

1131
00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:29,359
exaggerated so we're not imagining that

1132
00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:31,440
one of these spacecraft will collide

1133
00:45:35,670 --> 00:45:33,280
with the world and

1134
00:45:38,710 --> 00:45:35,680
someone will on that world will find the

1135
00:45:41,510 --> 00:45:38,720
record we're imagining that space-faring

1136
00:45:43,349 --> 00:45:41,520
extraterrestrials will flag it down

1137
00:45:44,829 --> 00:45:43,359
now if you're smart enough

1138
00:45:48,069 --> 00:45:44,839
to travel in

1139
00:45:50,390 --> 00:45:48,079
space then we'd like to bet that you're

1140
00:45:51,829 --> 00:45:50,400
smart enough to figure out what we're

1141
00:45:54,710 --> 00:45:51,839
trying to say

1142
00:45:56,710 --> 00:45:54,720
in the hieroglyphics so that was the

1143
00:45:58,950 --> 00:45:56,720
reasoning behind it

1144
00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:58,960
and the second part of the question is

1145
00:46:02,630 --> 00:46:00,560
why you know how did we choose this and

1146
00:46:05,030 --> 00:46:02,640
it wasn't just astronomers it was

1147
00:46:06,309 --> 00:46:05,040
artists writers

1148
00:46:08,950 --> 00:46:06,319
musicians

1149
00:46:11,750 --> 00:46:08,960
ethno musicologists people who study the

1150
00:46:15,510 --> 00:46:11,760
the history of music there are many many

1151
00:46:18,470 --> 00:46:15,520
people involved and we decided

1152
00:46:20,870 --> 00:46:18,480
to go for a complete picture

1153
00:46:22,870 --> 00:46:20,880
of our planet and so

1154
00:46:25,270 --> 00:46:22,880
we wanted to represent all of the

1155
00:46:27,750 --> 00:46:25,280
world's great musical traditions

1156
00:46:29,750 --> 00:46:27,760
we didn't want it just to be from our

1157
00:46:31,270 --> 00:46:29,760
american point of view

1158
00:46:33,510 --> 00:46:31,280
we wanted to show

1159
00:46:35,670 --> 00:46:33,520
really a planetary perspective and

1160
00:46:37,430 --> 00:46:35,680
that's what science and astronomy and

1161
00:46:38,790 --> 00:46:37,440
missions like voyager

1162
00:46:41,829 --> 00:46:38,800
do they

1163
00:46:42,870 --> 00:46:41,839
make you think in terms of your planet

1164
00:46:44,150 --> 00:46:42,880
and so

1165
00:46:46,950 --> 00:46:44,160
every piece

1166
00:46:50,390 --> 00:46:46,960
could be considered a kind of a a tile

1167
00:46:53,910 --> 00:46:50,400
in a much greater mosaic so we have a 12

1168
00:46:55,430 --> 00:46:53,920
year old child singing and we have a 95

1169
00:46:59,030 --> 00:46:55,440
year old

1170
00:47:01,910 --> 00:46:59,040
virtuoso on the chinese chin a stringed

1171
00:47:05,109 --> 00:47:01,920
instrument playing one of the pieces

1172
00:47:07,990 --> 00:47:05,119
we have images of day at night young and

1173
00:47:09,430 --> 00:47:08,000
old everything was trying to

1174
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:09,440
was was

1175
00:47:15,270 --> 00:47:12,400
chosen so not just for its intrinsic

1176
00:47:18,230 --> 00:47:15,280
value but for its ability to fill in

1177
00:47:20,710 --> 00:47:18,240
another blank in the puzzle of what life

1178
00:47:21,670 --> 00:47:20,720
on earth is like

1179
00:47:22,710 --> 00:47:21,680
thank you

1180
00:47:24,230 --> 00:47:22,720
we're going to use the remaining time

1181
00:47:27,030 --> 00:47:24,240
for just two more questions and i want

1182
00:47:28,790 --> 00:47:27,040
to remind all of the students out there

1183
00:47:30,790 --> 00:47:28,800
in the nation and across the world that

1184
00:47:32,710 --> 00:47:30,800
you can still send in your questions at

1185
00:47:34,549 --> 00:47:32,720
nasa.gov slash voyager and your

1186
00:47:36,390 --> 00:47:34,559
questions will be posted and we'll get

1187
00:47:38,470 --> 00:47:36,400
your answers as quickly as possible so

1188
00:47:40,630 --> 00:47:38,480
keep those questions coming in ed we're

1189
00:47:42,710 --> 00:47:40,640
coming back to you

1190
00:47:44,230 --> 00:47:42,720
this is from northwest arkansas

1191
00:47:47,109 --> 00:47:44,240
community college

1192
00:47:49,349 --> 00:47:47,119
dixie andrews college course survey of

1193
00:47:50,950 --> 00:47:49,359
the universe

1194
00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:50,960
do we anticipate

1195
00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:52,559
seeing higher concentrations of charged

1196
00:47:57,589 --> 00:47:54,720
particles from interstellar space in the

1197
00:47:59,190 --> 00:47:57,599
outer region of the heliopause perimeter

1198
00:48:00,790 --> 00:47:59,200
if yes why

1199
00:48:02,549 --> 00:48:00,800
if no why not

1200
00:48:05,910 --> 00:48:02,559
well that's a wonderful question it

1201
00:48:08,069 --> 00:48:05,920
turns out that inside the solar bubble

1202
00:48:09,990 --> 00:48:08,079
the magnetic field comes from our sun

1203
00:48:12,069 --> 00:48:10,000
just like the solar wind comes from our

1204
00:48:13,349 --> 00:48:12,079
sun the solar wind carries it out

1205
00:48:15,270 --> 00:48:13,359
outside

1206
00:48:16,950 --> 00:48:15,280
the wind comes from these other stars

1207
00:48:19,910 --> 00:48:16,960
that blew up and the magnetic field

1208
00:48:21,670 --> 00:48:19,920
comes from those other stars and in fact

1209
00:48:23,910 --> 00:48:21,680
though because the magnetic field is

1210
00:48:26,870 --> 00:48:23,920
different inside and outside the ions

1211
00:48:28,870 --> 00:48:26,880
outside cannot easily get inside and

1212
00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:28,880
those inside can't easily get outside

1213
00:48:31,829 --> 00:48:30,240
that's the reason all the solar wind

1214
00:48:34,230 --> 00:48:31,839
goes down the tail

1215
00:48:36,069 --> 00:48:34,240
now at the boundary itself there is

1216
00:48:38,390 --> 00:48:36,079
probably some turbulence and we are

1217
00:48:41,030 --> 00:48:38,400
starting to talk about what we expect to

1218
00:48:43,190 --> 00:48:41,040
see because it's unlike it's unlikely

1219
00:48:45,030 --> 00:48:43,200
that we understand exactly how this

1220
00:48:47,829 --> 00:48:45,040
interface is between these different

1221
00:48:50,069 --> 00:48:47,839
winds and i suspect like in the past we

1222
00:48:52,309 --> 00:48:50,079
will be surprised and we may in fact

1223
00:48:54,309 --> 00:48:52,319
have a debate for a year or two before

1224
00:48:56,790 --> 00:48:54,319
we finally decide we have crossed the

1225
00:48:58,710 --> 00:48:56,800
boundary

1226
00:49:00,390 --> 00:48:58,720
okay our last question and this is

1227
00:49:04,150 --> 00:49:00,400
definitely from a rob because we're

1228
00:49:09,750 --> 00:49:07,270
denise selmo high school english teacher

1229
00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:09,760
santa maria in sarao paulo tell me about

1230
00:49:12,630 --> 00:49:11,040
that right yeah

1231
00:49:14,470 --> 00:49:12,640
is it possible that some of the

1232
00:49:17,349 --> 00:49:14,480
particles detected by georgia can carry

1233
00:49:19,589 --> 00:49:17,359
information about some kind of life

1234
00:49:23,750 --> 00:49:19,599
out of our solar system

1235
00:49:28,870 --> 00:49:26,710
but so what voyager detects is not

1236
00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:28,880
molecule so it cannot really detect

1237
00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:31,839
directly any signatures of life out

1238
00:49:37,030 --> 00:49:34,720
there but it detects atoms and atoms are

1239
00:49:38,549 --> 00:49:37,040
the building blocks of life so we are

1240
00:49:40,309 --> 00:49:38,559
inferring

1241
00:49:42,630 --> 00:49:40,319
what you call abundances so you're

1242
00:49:44,710 --> 00:49:42,640
inferring how much atoms of each type

1243
00:49:47,589 --> 00:49:44,720
are out there once we cross the

1244
00:49:51,109 --> 00:49:47,599
interstellar medium we will learn also

1245
00:49:53,589 --> 00:49:51,119
what lies be outside of solar system and

1246
00:49:54,630 --> 00:49:53,599
this is the building blocks of life

1247
00:49:56,829 --> 00:49:54,640
so

1248
00:49:59,270 --> 00:49:56,839
indirectly we will learn

1249
00:50:00,950 --> 00:49:59,280
great well we're gonna we're gonna wrap

1250
00:50:02,870 --> 00:50:00,960
it wrap it up here what i would like to

1251
00:50:04,390 --> 00:50:02,880
do i would be remiss that when we do

1252
00:50:06,390 --> 00:50:04,400
incredible and amazing missions like

1253
00:50:09,030 --> 00:50:06,400
this we don't do it alone and i talked

1254
00:50:09,750 --> 00:50:09,040
about the the power source the rtg and

1255
00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:09,760
the

1256
00:50:14,150 --> 00:50:12,000
version that will be on mars science lab

1257
00:50:16,309 --> 00:50:14,160
these are built by the department of

1258
00:50:18,309 --> 00:50:16,319
energy so it is an incredible

1259
00:50:21,190 --> 00:50:18,319
relationship we have when we do deep

1260
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:21,200
space missions it's a partnership

1261
00:50:24,630 --> 00:50:23,200
and it works very well

1262
00:50:26,390 --> 00:50:24,640
i want to thank

1263
00:50:37,510 --> 00:50:26,400
these amazing folks may we please give

1264
00:50:43,030 --> 00:50:40,870
amazing story by amazing people

1265
00:50:45,349 --> 00:50:43,040
and you guys are amazing nasa and